News on how Freeze Granulation can improve our powder properties

Freezing behaviour and spray freeze granulation drying of silicon nitride slurries prepared from tert-butyl alcohol and cyclohexane solvent mixtures

Riko Yamazaki, Junichi Tatami, Motoyuki Iijima, Shinya Kawaguchi, Naoki Kondo

Abstract

A spray freeze granulation drying technique is suitable for obtaining soft and homogeneous granules, but the use of an aqueous slurry could degrade raw materials such as nitride. In this study, the freezing behaviour of silicon nitride slurries prepared from tert-butyl alcohol, cyclohexane, and their solvent mixtures was investigated, and granules were obtained from these slurries by the spray freeze granulation drying technique. An in situ optical coherence tomography observation of the freezing behaviour showed that the slurry from a solvent mixture of the eutectic composition froze in a single step in a shorter time than the other solvent mixtures. The solvent mixture of the eutectic composition yielded a homogeneous internal structure with fine pores in the freeze-dried body. The granules of that composition prepared by spray freeze granulation drying had a smaller size and a narrower size distribution, which resulted in a homogeneous internal structure of silicon nitride ceramics.

Keywords:

spray freeze granulation, freeze-drying

Spray freeze-drying for inhalable L-leucine, mannitol-based microparticles: The impact of process variables, L-leucine, and crystallinity on Aerosolization properties

Lorena Pasero, Adamo Sulpizi, Tomaso Guidi, Roberto Pisano

Abstract

In this study, microparticles carrying salbutamol sulphate were produced by pneumatic spray freeze-drying. The optimal particle size was assessed through a model, associated with a design of experiments. Growing solid concentrations and flow rate led to decreasing geometric diameters, while an opposite effect was associated with the feed flow rate. The aerodynamic diameter, instead, increased at increasing solid concentrations. Moreover, the role of crystallinity in determining the microparticles’ flowability was evaluated upon the incorporation of L-leucine. The addition of the amino acid induced the formation of two morphologies with different degrees of crystallinity. The absence of recrystallization significantly improved the aerosolization properties of the microparticles up to a maximum fine particle fraction (48 %) and a minimum mass median aerodynamic diameter (2 μm) at 10 % (w/w db) L-leucine. This result disclosed the influence of polymorphism on the microparticles’ cohesiveness, proving the dependency of the microparticles’ aerodynamics on L-leucine and mannitol crystallinity.

Keywords:

Spray freeze-drying, Inhalable microparticles, Inter-particle cohesiveness, Leucine, Polymorphism, Aerosolization

Effect of freeze drying and spray drying on physical properties, morphology and in vitro release kinetics of vitamin D3 nanoparticles

Iqra Bashir, Sajad Mohd Wani, Auqib Ahmad Bhat, Akhtar Ali Khan, Syed Zameer Hussain, Shaiq Ahmad Ganai, Nadira Anjum

Abstract

Encapsulation is a viable and effective technique for protection and stability of vitamin D3 during processing. In the present experiment, the effect of ultrasonication on encapsulation of vitamin D3 using gum arabic was studied. Nanoreduction of gum arabic emulsion largely increased the encapsulation profile of the process. Freeze drying and spray drying methods were employed for the drying of vitamin D3 nanoemulsions to obtain powdered encapsulates. Powders obtained by both techniques were analyzed in terms of physical properties, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release kinetics. Parameters such as moisture content, product yield, encapsulation efficiency, particle size and zeta potential showed significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). While comparing release behavior, spray dried encapsulates presented better controlled release performance than freeze dried encapsulates. The findings revealed that spray drying technique present a better scope for encapsulating vitamin D3 due to its better encapsulation efficiency and release than freeze drying technique.

Spray freeze drying – A synergistic drying technology and its applications in the food industry to preserve bioactive compounds

Nisha Chhabra, Mehak Arora, Diksha Garg, Mahesh Kumar Samota

Abstract

In the food industry, drying is a crucial unit process for extending product shelf life. Many methods are available for drying of foods but spray drying and freeze drying have been widely adopted for industrial drying of a variety of heat-sensitive foods keeping in mind the drying efficiency as well as retention of nutritive components of foods. More recently a novel cutting-edge technique spray freeze drying (SFD) has started evolving in the food sector to accomplish this highly significant unit operation of drying. The advantages of traditional freeze-drying and spray-drying methods are combined in this process. This article explains various spray freeze-drying methods, both new and old, based on a number of factors, particularly the chilling medium and atomization settings. The method with freeze drying and spray drying is then compared, particularly in terms of the morphology and other significant characteristics of the final product obtained. The article also covers how this technology is used in the food sector to preserve bioactive compounds, which serves as confirmation for the comparison made above in terms of data pertaining to the obtained end goods. A brief description is given for its applications in food industry where it first evolved. The technology’s scope and potential difficulties have finally been briefly covered. The review was put together using data from roughly ten years’ worth of research and analysis in the area of this unique technology.

Keywords:

Spray freeze drying, freeze-drying, preserve bioactive compounds

Spray freeze drying as a novel drying process for the formulation of probiotic powders containing Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG

A. Steegmans, M. Plitzko, B. Luy, S. Lebeer, F. Kiekens

Abstract

Spray freeze drying was evaluated as a drying process for the formulation and stabilization of probiotic powders This technology combines spray freezing into cold vapour followed by rotational bulk freeze drying, and was investigated to combine the benefits of both spray drying and freeze-drying. What sets this system apart from other studies using this technology, is that the feed suspension was sprayed into cooled atmosphere instead of spraying directly into liquid nitrogen. To ensure droplet formation, a rather more dripping than spraying technique known as laminar jet break up is used, whereas other spray freeze drying techniques use binary nozzles, single fluid pressure nozzles, ultrasonic nozzles or rotary nozzles. Moreover, the principles of rotatory freeze-drying were used for bulk lyophilization which results in freeze dried microparticles instead of a freeze dried cake. This study examined the parameters related to the spraying head and their impact on bacterial viability and powder particle size. Secondly, the feasibility of dynamic lyophilization by applying rotary freeze drying to the frozen substrate was studied. Furthermore, the powder density, flow and hygroscopic properties were monitored to assess the downstream processability for industrial manufacturing. Cell reduction of at least 1,0 log CFU/g was reported, with a maximum remaining cell concentration of 7,4 log CFU/g in the dried product. The particle size of the almost perfect microspheres ranged from 532 ± 35 µm using a 300 µm nozzle orifice and 739 ± 57 µm using a 400 µm nozzle orifice with a mean sphericity of 0,97. Hygroscopicity investigations reported a critical point at 40 % relative humidity where collapse of the microspheres occurred. The overall process yield was 92,1 ± 4,2 % on average.

Keywords:

Drying techniques; Formulation; Freeze drying; Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG; Live biotherapeutic products; Lyophilisation; Probiotics; Spray freeze drying; Trehalose.

Stable and inhalable powder formulation of mRNA-LNPs using pH-modified spray-freeze drying

Koki Ogawa, Otowa Aikawa, Tatsuaki Tagami, Takaaki Ito, Kohei Tahara, Shigeru Kawakami, Tetsuya Ozeki

Abstract

Abstract
A powder formulation for mucosal administration of mRNA-encapsulated lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNPs) is expected to be useful for respiratory diseases. Although freeze-drying is widely used to obtain solid formulations of mRNA-LNPs, highly hydrosoluble cryoprotectants, such as sucrose are necessary. However, sucrose is not a suitable excipient for inhalation powders because of its hygroscopic and deliquescence properties. Spray freeze-drying (SFD) is a method to produce inhalable powder formulation. In this study, we prepared inhalable powder formulations of mRNA-LNPs without deliquescence excipients using pH-modified SFD, which strengthens the interaction between mRNA and ionizable lipids of LNPs by acidic pH modifier, leading to retention of the encapsulated structure of mRNA-LNPs even after SFD. Powdered mRNA-LNPs were suitable for inhalation, and mRNA was encapsulated in LNPs after SFD. The mRNA encapsulation efficiency and mRNA transfection efficiency of pH-modified SFD-mediated powdered mRNA-LNPs were higher than those of conventional SFD, although they were significantly lower than those of liquid intact mRNA-LNPs. However, after long-term storage, the powdered formulation of the mRNA-LNPs exhibited higher mRNA transfection efficiency than liquid mRNA-LNP. Powdered mRNA-LNPs also exerted their function in air–liquid interface cultivation and in vivo intratracheal administration. Collectively, the powder formulation of mRNA-LNPs especially prepared by SFD is expected to be applied for dry powder inhalers.

Keywords:

Spray freeze-drying, mRNA-LNPs, inhalable powder, Powdered mRNA-LNPs

Spray freeze dried uniform mannitol microspheres

Shen Yan, Shengyu Zhang, Xiao Dong Chen, Winston Duo Wu

Abstract

Spray freeze drying is an attractive technology for fabricating pharmaceutical powder, but it is still challenging to tailor the microparticle physical and chemical structure. Herein, a series of uniform mannitol microparticles with controllable morphology and crystal properties were successfully fabricated via a self-developed micro-fluidic jet spray freeze tower. The effects of feed solution composition and freezing temperature on microparticle size, morphology, surface architecture and crystal property were investigated to propose the particle formation mechanism. Freezing temperature showed more apparent effect on the microparticle characteristics with higher solid content (10 and 15 w/w%) in aqueous solution; Whereas the addition of ethanol as a co-solvent had a notable impact on microparticle morphology, concurrently perturbing the crystallization tendencies of mannitol. These results provide new insights for producing spray freeze dried pharmaceutical microparticles.

Keywords: Spray Freeze Drying

Spray-freeze-drying as emerging and substantial quality enhancement technique in food industry

Poornima Singh, Vinay Kumar Pandey, Rahul Singh, Aamir Hussain Dar

Abstract

Spray freeze drying is an emerging technology in the food industry with numerous applications. Its ability to preserve food quality, maintain nutritional value, and reduce bulk make it an attractive option to food manufacturers. Spray freeze drying can be used to reduce the water content of foods while preserving the shelf life and nutritional value. Spray freeze-drying of food products is a process that involves atomizing food into small droplets and then flash-freezing them. The frozen droplets are then placed in a vacuum chamber and heated, causing the liquid to evaporate and the solid particles to become a dry powder. Spray freeze drying has become a valuable tool for the food industry through its ability to process a wide range of food products. This review’s prime focus is understanding spray freeze-dried approaches and emphasizing their applicability in various products.

Keywords: Spray freeze drying, Food products, Shelf life, Fruits & vegetables

Spray Freeze Drying of Biologics: A Review and Applications for Inhalation Delivery

Susana Farinha, João V Sá, Paulo Roque Lino, Marco Galésio, João Pires, Miguel Ângelo Rodrigues, João Henriques

Abstract

Biopharmaceuticals have established an indisputable presence in the pharmaceutical pipeline, enabling highly specific new therapies. However, manufacturing, isolating, and delivering these highly complex molecules to patients present multiple challenges, including the short shelf-life of biologically derived products. Administration of biopharmaceuticals through inhalation has been gaining attention as an alternative to overcome the burdens associated with intravenous administration. Although most of the inhaled biopharmaceuticals in clinical trials are being administered through nebulization, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are considered a viable alternative to liquid solutions due to enhanced stability. While freeze drying (FD) and spray drying (SD) are currently seen as the most viable solutions for drying biopharmaceuticals, spray freeze drying (SFD) has recently started gaining attention as an alternative to these technologies as it enables unique powder properties which favor this family of drug products. The present review focus on the application of SFD to produce dry powders of biopharmaceuticals, with special focus on inhalation delivery. Thus, it provides an overview of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of these dry powders. Then, a detailed explanation of the SFD fundamental principles as well as the different existing variants is presented, together with a discussion regarding the opportunities and challenges of SFD as an enabling technology for inhalation-based biopharmaceuticals. Finally, a review of the main formulation strategies and their impact on the stability and performance of inhalable biopharmaceuticals produced via SDF is performed. Overall, this review presents a comprehensive assessment of the current and future applications of SFD in biopharmaceuticals for inhalation delivery.

Keywords:

biopharmaceuticals; formulation; inhalation delivery; particle engineering; spray freeze drying.

Granulation of fine eggshell powder to produce feedstock powder for binder jetting additive manufacturing: A feasibility study

Shakil Arman, Fahim Khan, Mostafa Meraj Pasha, Jackson Sanders, Zhijian Pei

Abstract

This paper explores the feasibility of granulating fine eggshell powder using spray freeze drying to produce feedstock powder for binder jetting additive manufacturing. Fine eggshell powder possesses carbon-capture potential but exhibits poor flowability, causing issues during powder spreading in binder jetting additive manufacturing processes. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that spray freeze drying effectively converts fine eggshell powder into spherical granules without altering their chemical composition. Granulated eggshell powder was successfully produced using a solid loading (percentage of eggshell powder in the slurry used in granulation) of 30 % (by volume), a spraying pressure of 0.25 bar, and a feed rate of 0.5 L/hr. The granulation process significantly improved powder flowability. Additionally, the specific surface area of the granules was higher than that of the fine eggshell powder.

Keywords: Flowability, Spray Freeze Granulation, fine eggshell powder, binder jetting