Lorena Pasero, Andrea Silenzi, Adamo Sulpizi, Tomaso Guidi and Roberto Pisano
Abstract
Spray freeze-drying (SFD) is a novel technique for formulating dry powders, particularly for pulmonary drug delivery via dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Despite their low density and excellent aerodynamic properties, such powders are affected by high cohesiveness due to their surface properties. Sugars such as mannitol (MAN), trehalose, raffinose, and sucrose are commonly used in SFD. MAN is widely employed due to its high MAN—ice eutectic temperature—at which MAN and water (ice) form a stable eutectic mixture—and its crystallinity. However, crystallinity can impact the microparticles’ (MPs) cohesiveness, since MAN exhibits distinct polymorphs (α, β, δ) with peculiar properties. This study provides valuable insights for the development of DPI formulations by ensuring precise control over MAN polymorphism, ultimately enhancing formulation stability and performance. We introduced, for the first time, an intermediate freezing (IF) step within the SFD process to modulate MAN polymorphism, demonstrating its synergy with optimised storage temperature conditions. Furthermore, polyvinylpyrrolidone, 2-hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin, dextran, and polysorbate 80 were employed as polymorphism-controlling agents for MAN, contributing to the development of stable formulations with reduced particle cohesion and improved storage stability at room temperature. For the first time, this study shows that MAN polymorphism in SFD can be controlled to drive dry powder inhaler performance.
Keywords:
spray freeze-drying; stability; polymorphism; freezing; storage; crystallinity; dry powder inhalers